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最近大家都在用dude这个词，查了下
Camus 发表于 2007-02-27 03:32:12
PITTSBURGH, Pennsylvania (AP) — Dude, you’ve got to read this.
A linguist from the University of Pittsburgh has published a scholarly paper deconstructing and deciphering the word “dude,” contending it is much more than a catchall for lazy, inarticulate surfers, skaters, slackers and teenagers.
An admitted dude-user during his college years, Scott Kiesling said the four-letter word has many uses: in greetings (”What’s up, dude?”); as an exclamation (”Whoa, Dude!”); commiseration (”Dude, I’m so sorry.”); to one-up someone (”That’s so lame, dude.”); as well as agreement, surprise and disgust (”Dude.”).
Kiesling says in the fall edition of American Speech that the word derives its power from something he calls cool solidarity — an effortless kinship that’s not too intimate.
Cool solidarity is especially important to young men who are under social pressure to be close with other young men, but not enough to be suspected as gay.
In other words: Close, dude, but not that close.
“It’s like man or buddy, there is often this male-male addressed term that says, ‘I’m your friend but not much more than your friend,”‘ said Kiesling, whose research focuses on language and masculinity.
To decode the word’s meaning, Kiesling listened to conversations with fraternity members he taped in 1993. He also had undergraduate students in sociolinguistics classes in 2001 and 2002 write down the first 20 times they heard “dude” and who said it during a three-day period.
He found the word taps into nonconformity and a new American image of leisurely success.
Anecdotally, men were the predominant users of the word, but women sometimes call each other dudes.
Less frequently, men will call women dudes and vice versa. But that comes with some rules, according to self-reporting from students in a 2002 language and gender class included in the paper.
“Men report that they use dude with women with whom they are close friends, but not with women with whom they are intimate,” according to the study.
His students also reported that they were least likely to use the word with parents, bosses and professors.
Historically, dude originally meant “old rags” — a “dudesman” was a scarecrow. In the late 1800s, a “dude” was akin to a “dandy,” a meticulously dressed man, especially out West. It became “cool” in the 1930s and 1940s, according to Kiesling. Dude began its rise in the teenage lexicon with the 1981 movie “Fast Times at Ridgemont High.”
“Dude” also shows no signs of disappearing as more and more of our culture becomes youth-centered, said Mary Bucholtz, an associate professor of linguistics at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
“I have seen middle-aged men using ‘dude’ with each other,” she said.
From Wikipedia:
"Dude" is a slang term usually referring to young men considered cool or hip. Young males tend to use this term as it represents a philosophy of solidarity and independence.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the term "dude" was a popular part of African-American slang that was used by both males and females in referring to a male or males. The term was used in some black "street" novels of that era.[citation needed] "Dude" was frequently used by black characters in 1970s TV shows, which included "Good Times" and "Sanford and Son". In many 1970s black films, the term was often used; for example, in the film "Blacula," the title character was referred to as "the big dude."
Origins
There is no definitive origin of the word dude. The Oxford Dictionary suggests it comes from a German dialect word meaning 'fool'. The Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang cites an 1877 reference in an unpublished letter of the painter Frederick Remington: "Don't send me any more women or any more dudes," he told a correspondent who was sending him sketches. "Dude" first appeared in print in 1878. The term entered New York City slang in 1883, referring to a fastidiously sharp dresser, affecting sophistication. "Dude" was quickly applied to urbanites, especially Easterners vacationing in the West, who affected elaborate 'Wild West' dress, as paying visitors at a "dude ranch." The dude in "dude ranch" was a figure of mockery; an urban Easterner affecting the look and lifestyle of the Western cowboy, but only on a temporary basis.
As dude has returned to the pop lexicon in the previous three decades, it has taken the form of mockery, irony, and finally, near complete acceptance. In its current usage, dude has crossed the gender barrier, and it is usually easier to describe those to whom the term refers.
Use of "dude" in reference to females
Though dude had been applied to women as early as the mid-70's, its use came to a tipping point somewhere in the mid-80's. Attempts to establish dudette as the feminine form, failed to present staying power. It is a fact that dude, in the prescriptive sense, can refer to both men and women. American Heritage Dictionary recognizes this in its definition dude definition 3.b., that "dudes" can be "persons of either sex".
A linguist from the University of Pittsburgh has published a scholarly paper deconstructing and deciphering the word “dude,” contending it is much more than a catchall for lazy, inarticulate surfers, skaters, slackers and teenagers.
An admitted dude-user during his college years, Scott Kiesling said the four-letter word has many uses: in greetings (”What’s up, dude?”); as an exclamation (”Whoa, Dude!”); commiseration (”Dude, I’m so sorry.”); to one-up someone (”That’s so lame, dude.”); as well as agreement, surprise and disgust (”Dude.”).
Kiesling says in the fall edition of American Speech that the word derives its power from something he calls cool solidarity — an effortless kinship that’s not too intimate.
Cool solidarity is especially important to young men who are under social pressure to be close with other young men, but not enough to be suspected as gay.
In other words: Close, dude, but not that close.
“It’s like man or buddy, there is often this male-male addressed term that says, ‘I’m your friend but not much more than your friend,”‘ said Kiesling, whose research focuses on language and masculinity.
To decode the word’s meaning, Kiesling listened to conversations with fraternity members he taped in 1993. He also had undergraduate students in sociolinguistics classes in 2001 and 2002 write down the first 20 times they heard “dude” and who said it during a three-day period.
He found the word taps into nonconformity and a new American image of leisurely success.
Anecdotally, men were the predominant users of the word, but women sometimes call each other dudes.
Less frequently, men will call women dudes and vice versa. But that comes with some rules, according to self-reporting from students in a 2002 language and gender class included in the paper.
“Men report that they use dude with women with whom they are close friends, but not with women with whom they are intimate,” according to the study.
His students also reported that they were least likely to use the word with parents, bosses and professors.
Historically, dude originally meant “old rags” — a “dudesman” was a scarecrow. In the late 1800s, a “dude” was akin to a “dandy,” a meticulously dressed man, especially out West. It became “cool” in the 1930s and 1940s, according to Kiesling. Dude began its rise in the teenage lexicon with the 1981 movie “Fast Times at Ridgemont High.”
“Dude” also shows no signs of disappearing as more and more of our culture becomes youth-centered, said Mary Bucholtz, an associate professor of linguistics at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
“I have seen middle-aged men using ‘dude’ with each other,” she said.
From Wikipedia:
"Dude" is a slang term usually referring to young men considered cool or hip. Young males tend to use this term as it represents a philosophy of solidarity and independence.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the term "dude" was a popular part of African-American slang that was used by both males and females in referring to a male or males. The term was used in some black "street" novels of that era.[citation needed] "Dude" was frequently used by black characters in 1970s TV shows, which included "Good Times" and "Sanford and Son". In many 1970s black films, the term was often used; for example, in the film "Blacula," the title character was referred to as "the big dude."
Origins
There is no definitive origin of the word dude. The Oxford Dictionary suggests it comes from a German dialect word meaning 'fool'. The Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang cites an 1877 reference in an unpublished letter of the painter Frederick Remington: "Don't send me any more women or any more dudes," he told a correspondent who was sending him sketches. "Dude" first appeared in print in 1878. The term entered New York City slang in 1883, referring to a fastidiously sharp dresser, affecting sophistication. "Dude" was quickly applied to urbanites, especially Easterners vacationing in the West, who affected elaborate 'Wild West' dress, as paying visitors at a "dude ranch." The dude in "dude ranch" was a figure of mockery; an urban Easterner affecting the look and lifestyle of the Western cowboy, but only on a temporary basis.
As dude has returned to the pop lexicon in the previous three decades, it has taken the form of mockery, irony, and finally, near complete acceptance. In its current usage, dude has crossed the gender barrier, and it is usually easier to describe those to whom the term refers.
Use of "dude" in reference to females
Though dude had been applied to women as early as the mid-70's, its use came to a tipping point somewhere in the mid-80's. Attempts to establish dudette as the feminine form, failed to present staying power. It is a fact that dude, in the prescriptive sense, can refer to both men and women. American Heritage Dictionary recognizes this in its definition dude definition 3.b., that "dudes" can be "persons of either sex".
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